The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

In sentences like Example 9.1 , it is easy to get lost and forget which sumti falls in which place, especially if the sumti are more complicated than simple names or descriptions. The place structure tags of selma'o FA may be used to help clarify place structures. The five cmavo fa , fe , fi , fo , and fu may be inserted just before the sumti in the x₁ to x₅ places respectively:

In Example 9.8 , the tag fu before le karce clarifies that le karce occupies the x₅ place of klama. The use of fu tells us nothing about the purpose or meaning of the x₅ place; it simply says that le karce occupies it.

In Example 9.8 , the tags are overkill; they serve only to make Example 9.1 even longer than it is. Here is a better illustration of the use of FA tags for clarification:

In Example 9.9 , the place structure of klama is as follows:

The fi tag serves to remind the hearer that what follows is in the x₃ place of klama ; after listening to the complex sumti occupying the x₂ place, it's easy to get lost.

Of course, once the sumti have been tagged, the order in which they are specified no longer carries the burden of distinguishing the places. Therefore, it is perfectly all right to scramble them into any order desired, and to move the selbri to anywhere in the bridi, even the beginning:

Note that no cu is permitted before the selbri in Example 9.10 , because cu separates the selbri from any preceding sumti, and Example 9.10 has no such sumti.

Example 9.11 exhibits the reverse of the standard bridi form seen in Example 9.1 and Example 9.8 , but still means exactly the same thing. If the FA tags were left out, however, producing:

the meaning would be wholly changed, and in fact nonsensical.

Tagging places with FA cmavo makes it easy not only to reorder the places but also to omit undesirable ones, without any need for zo'e or special rules about the x₁ place:

Here the x₁ and x₄ places are empty, and so no sumti are tagged with fa or fo ; in addition, the x₂ and x₃ places appear in reverse order.

What if some sumti have FA tags and others do not? The rule is that after a FA-tagged sumti, any sumti following it occupy the places numerically succeeding it, subject to the proviso that an already-filled place is skipped:

In Example 9.14 , the fa causes mi to occupy the x₁ place, and then the following untagged sumti occupy in order the x₂ through x₅ places. This is the mechanism by which Lojban allows placing the selbri first while specifying a sumti for the x₁ place.

Here is a more complex (and more confusing) example:

In Example 9.15 , mi occupies the x₁ place because it is the first sumti in the sentence (and is before the selbri). The second sumti, la .atlantas. , occupies the x₃ place by virtue of the tag fi , and le dargu occupies the x₄ place as a result of following la .atlantas.. Finally, la .bastn. occupies the x₂ place because of its tag fe , and le karce skips over the already-occupied x₃ and x₄ places to land in the x₅ place.

Such a convoluted use of tags should probably be avoided except when trying for a literal translation of some English (or other natural-language) sentence; the rules stated here are merely given so that some standard interpretation is possible.

It is grammatically permitted to tag more than one sumti with the same FA cmavo. The effect is that of making more than one claim:

may be taken to say that both Rick and Jane go to the movie, the house, and the office, merging six claims into one. More likely, however, it will simply confuse the listener. There are better ways, involving logical connectives (explained in Chapter 14), to say such things in Lojban. In fact, putting more than one sumti into a place is odd enough that it can only be done by explicit FA usage: this is the motivation for the proviso above, that already-occupied places are skipped. In this way, no sumti can be forced into a place already occupied unless it has an explicit FA cmavo tagging it.

The cmavo fi'a also belongs to selma'o FA, and allows Lojban users to ask questions about place structures. A bridi containing fi'a is a question, asking the listener to supply the appropriate other member of FA which will make the bridi a true statement:

In Example 9.17 , the speaker uses the selbri dunda , whose place structure is:

The tagged sumti fi'a do indicates that the speaker wishes to know whether the sumti do falls in the x₁ or the x₃ place (the x₂ place is already occupied by le rozgu). The listener can reply with a sentence consisting solely of a FA cmavo: fa if the listener is the giver, fi if he/she is the receiver.

I have inserted the tag fe in brackets into Example 9.17 , but it is actually not necessary, because fi'a does not count as a numeric tag; therefore, le vi rozgu would necessarily be in the x₂ place even if no tag were present, because it immediately follows the selbri.

There is also another member of FA, namely fai , which is discussed in Section 9.12.