The following cmavo are discussed in this section:

The mi-series of pro-sumti refer to the speaker, the listener, and others in various combinations. mi refers to the speaker and perhaps others for whom the speaker speaks; it may be a Lojbanic mass. do refers to the listener or listeners. Neither mi nor do is specific about the number of persons referred to; for example, the foreman of a jury may refer to the members of the jury as mi , since in speaking officially he represents all of them.

The referents of mi and do are usually obvious from the context, but may be assigned by the vocative words of selma'o COI, explained in Section 13.14. The vocative mi'e assigns mi , whereas all of the other vocatives assign do.

The cmavo mi'o , mi'a , ma'a , and do'o express various combinations of the speaker and/or the listener and/or other people:

All of these pro-sumti represent masses. For example, mi'o is the same as mi joi do , the mass of me and you considered jointly.

In English, “we” can mean mi or mi'o or mi'a or even ma'a , and English-speakers often suffer because they cannot easily distinguish mi'o from mi'a :

Does this include the listener or not? There's no way to be sure.

Finally, the cmavo ko is logically equivalent to do ; its referent is the listener. However, its use alters an assertion about the listener into a command to the listener to make the assertion true:

becomes:

In English, the subject of a command is omitted, but in Lojban, the word ko must be used. However, ko does not have to appear in the x₁ place:

In Example 7.9 , it is necessary to make the verb passive in English in order to convey the effect of ko in the x₂ place. Indeed, ko does not even have to be a sumti of the main bridi:

As mentioned in Section 7.1 , some pro-sumti series have corresponding pro-bridi series. However, there is no equivalent of the mi-series among pro-bridi, since a person isn't a relationship.