12.11.  Eliding KE and KEhE rafsi from lujvo

People constructing lujvo usually want them to be as short as possible. To that end, they will discard any cmavo they regard as niceties. The first such cmavo to get thrown out are usually ke and ke'e , the cmavo used to structure and group tanru. We can usually get away with this, because the interpretation of the tertau with ke and ke'e missing is less plausible than that with the cmavo inserted, or because the distinction isn't really important.

For example, in bakrecpa'o , meaning beefsteak , the veljvo is

Example 12.49. 

[ke] bakni rectu [ke'e] panlo
( bovine meat ) slice

because of the usual Lojban left-grouping rule. But there doesn't seem to be much difference between that veljvo and

Example 12.50. 

bakni ke rectu panlo [ke'e]
bovine ( meat slice )

On the other hand, the lujvo zernerkla , meaning to sneak in , almost certainly was formed from the veljvo

Example 12.51. 

zekri ke nenri klama [ke'e]
crime ( inside go )

to go within, criminally


because the alternative,

Example 12.52. 

[ke] zekri nenri [ke'e] klama
( crime inside ) go

doesn't make much sense. (To go to the inside of a crime? To go into a place where it is criminal to be inside – an interpretation almost identical with Example 12.51 anyway?)

There are cases, however, where omitting a KE or KEhE rafsi can produce another lujvo, equally useful. For example, xaskemcakcurnu means oceanic shellfish , and has the veljvo

Example 12.53. 

xamsi   ke calku curnu
ocean type-of ( shell worm )

( worm in Lojban refers to any invertebrate), but xasycakcurnu has the veljvo

Example 12.54. 

[ke] xamsi calku [ke'e]   curnu
( ocean shell ) type-of worm

and might refer to the parasitic worms that infest clamshells.

Such misinterpretation is more likely than not in a lujvo starting with sel- (from se ), nal- (from na'e ) or tol- (from to'e ): the scope of the rafsi will likeliest be presumed to be as narrow as possible, since all of these cmavo normally bind only to the following brivla or keke'e group. For that reason, if we want to modify an entire lujvo by putting se , na'e or to'e before it, it's better to leave the result as two words, or else to insert ke , than to just stick the SE or NAhE rafsi on.

It is all right to replace the phrase se klama with selkla , and the places of selkla are exactly those of se klama . But consider the related lujvo dzukla , meaning to walk to somewhere . It is a symmmetrical lujvo, derived from the veljvo cadzu klama as follows:

Example 12.55. 

cadzu : c1 walks on surface c2 using limbs c3

klama : k1 goes to k2 from k3 via route k4 using k5

dzukla : c1=k1 walks to k2 from k3 via route k4 using limbs k5=c3 on surface c2


We can swap the k1 and k2 places using se dzukla , but we cannot directly make se dzukla into seldzukla , which would represent the veljvo selcadzu klama and plausibly mean something like to go to a walking surface . Instead, we would need selkemdzukla , with an explicit rafsi for ke . Similarly, nalbrablo (from na'e barda bloti ) means non-big boat , whereas na'e brablo means other than a big boat .

If the lujvo we want to modify with SE has a seltau already starting with a SE rafsi, we can take a shortcut. For instance, gekmau means happier than , while selgekmau means making people happier than, more enjoyable than, more of a 'se gleki' than . If something is less enjoyable than something else, we can say it is se selgekmau .

But we can also say it is selselgekmau . Two se cmavo in a row cancel each other ( se se gleki means the same as just gleki ), so there would be no good reason to have selsel in a lujvo with that meaning. Instead, we can feel free to interpret selsel- as selkemsel- . The rafsi combinations terter- , velvel- and xelxel- work in the same way.

Other SE combinations like selter- , although they might conceivably mean se te , more than likely should be interpreted in the same way, namely as se ke te , since there is no need to re-order places in the way that se te provides. (See Section 9.4 .)