10.16. Tense relations between sentences

The sumtcita method, explained in Section 10.12 , of asserting a tense relationship between two events suffers from asymmetry. Specifically,

Example 10.109.

le	verba	cu	cadzu	le	bisli
The	child		walks-on	the	ice

zu'a	le	nu	le	nanmu	cu	batci	le	gerku
[left]	the	event-of	the	man		bites	the	dog.

The child walks on the ice to the left of where the man bites the dog.

which specifies an imaginary journey leftward from the man biting the dog to the child walking on the ice, claims only that the child walks on the ice. By the nature of le nu , the man's biting the dog is merely referred to without being claimed. If it seems desirable to claim both, each event can be expressed as a main sentence bridi, with a special form of .i connecting them:

Example 10.110.

le	nanmu	cu	batci	le	gerku
The	man		bites	the	dog.

.izu'abo	le	verba	cu	cadzu	le	bisli
[Left]	the	child		walks-on	the	ice.

The man bites the dog. To the left, the child walks on the ice.

.izu'abo is a compound cmavo: the .i separates the sentences and the zu'a is the tense. The bo is required to prevent the zu'a from gobbling up the following sumti, namely le verba .

Note that the bridi in Example 10.110 appear in the reverse order from their appearance in Example 10.109 . With .izu'abo (and all other afterthought tense connectives) the sentence specifying the origin of the journey comes first. This is a natural order for sentences, but requires some care when converting between this form and the sumtcita form.

Example 10.110 means the same thing as:

Example 10.111.

le	nanmu	cu	batci	le	gerku	.i	zu'a	la'edi'u
The	man		bites	the	dog.		[Left]	the-referent-of-the-last-sentence

le	verba	cu	cadzu	le	bisli
the	child		walks-on	the	ice.

The man bites the dog. Left of what I just mentioned, the child walks on the ice.

If the bo is omitted in Example 10.110 , the meaning changes:

Example 10.112.

le	nanmu	cu	batci	le	gerku
The	man		bites	the	dog.

.i	zu'a	le	verba	cu		cadzu	le	bisli
	[Left]	the	child		[something]	walks-on	the	ice.

The man bites the dog. To the left of the child, something walks on the ice.

Here the first place of the second sentence is unspecified, because zu'a has absorbed the sumti le verba .

Do not confuse either Example 10.110 or Example 10.112 with the following:

Example 10.113.

le	nanmu	cu	batci	le	gerku
The	man		bites	the	dog.

.i	zu'aku	le	verba	cu	cadzu	le	bisli
	[Left]	the	child		walks-on	the	ice.

The man bites the dog. Left of me, the child walks on the ice.

In Example 10.113 , the origin point is the speaker, as is usual with zu'aku . Example 10.110 makes the origin point of the tense the event described by the first sentence.

Two sentences may also be connected in forethought by a tense relationship. Just like afterthought tense connection, forethought tense connection claims both sentences, and in addition claims that the time or space relationship specified by the tense holds between the events the two sentences describe.

The origin sentence is placed first, preceded by a tense plus gi . Another gi is used to separate the sentences:

Example 10.114.

pugi	mi	klama	le	zarci	gi	mi	klama	le	zdani
[past]	I	go-to	the	market	[,]	I	go-to	the	house.

Before I go to the market, I go to the house.

A parallel construction can be used to express a tense relationship between sumti:

Example 10.115.

mi	klama	pugi	le	zarci	gi	le	zdani
I	go-to	[past]	the	market	[,]	the	house.

Because English does not have any direct way of expressing a tense-like relationship between nouns, Example 10.115 cannot be expressed in English without paraphrasing it either into Example 10.114 or else into “I go to the house before the market” , which is ambiguous – is the market going?

Finally, a third forethought construction expresses a tense relationship between bridi-tails rather than whole bridi. (The construct known as a “bridi-tail” is explained fully in Section 14.9 ; roughly speaking, it is a selbri, possibly with following sumti.) Example 10.116 is equivalent in meaning to Example 10.114 and Example 10.115 :

Example 10.116.

mi	pugi	klama	le	zarci	gi	klama	le	zdani
I	[past]	go-to	the	market	[,]	go-to	the	house.

I, before going to the market, go to the house.

In both Example 10.115 and Example 10.116 , the underlying sentences mi klama le zarci and mi klama le zdani are not claimed; only the relationship in time between them is claimed.

Both the forethought and the afterthought forms are appropriate with PU, ZI, FAhA, VA, and ZAhO tenses. In all cases, the equivalent forms are (where X and Y stand for sentences, and TENSE for a tense cmavo):

subordinate	X TENSE le nu Y
afterthought coordinate	Y .i+TENSE+bo X
forethought coordinate	TENSE+gi Y gi X